Gittern
Gittern Neuzugänge
Ein Gitter (engl. lattice) in der Mathematik ist eine diskrete Untergruppe des euklidischen Raums. Gitter finden Verwendung u. a. in der Gruppentheorie, der. Hinter Gittern – Der Frauenknast (kurz: HG oder auch HiGi) war eine deutsche Fernsehserie in Form einer Seifenoper, die den dramaturgisch-überzeichneten. Jutta's großer Tag. Uhr (50 Min). Hinter Gittern - Der Frauenknast - Jutta's großer Tag - Episode - RTLplus. Ulrich Lohmann, neuer Nachbar. „Dating hinter Gittern” dokumentiert das Schicksal von Paaren, die sich nach langer Internet-Bekanntschaft zum ersten Mal in Freiheit treffen und versuchen. 2 Translationssymmetrie, Bravais - Gitter, Raumgruppen Bisher hatten alle zu insgesamt 14 Gittertypen, den 14 Bravais - Gittern kommt, die in Abb. 2.
Gittern Video
Tristan's Lament on Gittern Andreas Hofer. Sehr gewalttätig. Wurde nach Preekow verlegt. Wurde nach diversen Falschaussagen article source. Damit liegen die Werte deutlich unter der Zuschauerreichweite von Staffel https://muses9.co/online-filme-stream-kostenlos/vikings-staffel-1-folge-10.php.
It was probably developed in Spain, spreading thence to France, England, and Germany, and was played as late as the midth century.
The guitarra morisca, a pear-shaped cousin of the lute , was popular in Spain from the 12th to the 18th century.
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Britannica Quiz. Login or Register. Save Word. Log In. Definition of gittern. First Known Use of gittern 14th century, in the meaning defined above.
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Examples of lutes converted into guitars exist in several museums, while purpose-built instruments like the gallichon utilised the tuning and single string configuration of the modern guitar.
A tradition of building round-backed guitars in Germany continued to the 20th century with names like gittar-laute and Wandervogellaute.
Up until , there were only two known surviving medieval gitterns, [5] [6] one in the Metropolitan Museum of Art see external links , the other in the Wartburg Castle Museum.
The back, neck and pegbox were probably usually carved from one piece of timber. Occurring less rarely later in the 15th century, the back was built up from a number of thin tapered ribs joined at the edges, as was characteristic of the lute.
Unlike the sharp corner joining the body to the neck seen in the lute, the gittern's body and neck either joined in a smooth curve or straight line.
The sickle, or occasional gentle arc pegbox, made an angle with the neck of between degrees. Unlike the lute, most pegboxes on gitterns ended in a carving of a human or animal head.
Most gitterns were depicted as having three or more commonly four courses of double strings. There are also references to some five course gitterns in the 16th century.
Although there is not much direct information concerning gittern tuning, the later versions were quite possibly tuned in fourths and fifths like the mandore a few decades later.
Frets were represented in a few depictions mainly Italian and German , although apparently absent in most French, Spanish and English depictions.
The gittern's sound hole was covered with a rosette a delicate wood carving or parchment cutting , similar to the lute.
These have similar shapes, a short neck, and like the gittern are carved out of a single block of wood.
Some have pointed out that there have been errors in scholarship starting in the 19th century which led to the gittern being called mandore and vice versa.
A number of modern sources have also claimed the instrument was introduced to Europe from the Arabic regions in a manner similar to the lute , but actual historical data supporting this theory is rare, ambiguous, and may suggest the opposite.
The various regional names used including the Arabic appear derived over time from a Greco-Roman Vulgar Latin origin, although when and how this occurred is presently unknown.
The gittern had faded so completely from memory in England that identifying the instrument proved problematic for 20th century early music scholarship.
It was assumed the ancestry of the modern guitar was only to be discovered through the study of flat-backed instruments. As a consequence, what is now believed to be the only known surviving medieval citole was until recently labelled a gittern.
Wright's research also corresponded with observations about the origins of the flat-backed guitarra made by 16th century Spanish musicologist Juan Bermudo.
With this theoretical approach it became possible for scholars to untangle previously confusing and contradictory nomenclature.
Because of the complex nature of the subject, the list and links below should assist in further reading. Portuguese 'viola' like Italian , is cognate with Spanish 'vihuela'.
Unlike in Spain, all these instruments traditionally used metal strings until the advent of modern nylon strings. While the English and Germans are considered to have borrowed their names from the French, [10] Spanish "guitarra", Italian "chitarra", and the French "guitarre" are believed ultimately to be derived from the Greek " kithara " [10] - although the origins of the historical process which brought this about are not yet understood, with very little actual evidence other than linguistic to explore.
In Spanish literature, the 13th century Cantigas de Santa Maria with its detailed colored miniature illustrations depicting musicians playing a wide variety of instruments is often used for modern interpretations - the pictures reproduced and captioned, accompanied by claims supporting various theories and commenting on the instruments.
None of the surviving four manuscripts contain captions or text in the poems to support observations other than the gittern appears to have had equal status with other instruments.
Although social attitudes towards instruments like the lute, rebec, and gittern may have changed in Spain much later with the cultural impact of the Reconquista - what is recorded in the Cantigas indicates the opposite during this period of history.
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